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Nonferrous Archaeometallurgy in the Southern Levant refers to the archaeological study of non-Iron-related metal technology in the region of the Southern Levant during the Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age from approximately 4500BC to 1000BC. ==Chalcolithic Period== The first known use of metals in the Southern Levant is during the Chalcolithic period (end of 5th–most of the 4th millennium BCE). More than 500 metal objects were found, mainly in hoards, burials, and habitation remains. Most of the metals originate from sites in the southern part of Israel and Jordan; very rarely do they occur beyond the center of Israel and north of Nahal Qanah. The metal findings from this period were separated into three groups; most of them belong to the following first two groups: Prestige/cult-elaborated and complex-shaped objects made of copper (Cu) alloyed (a deliberate choice of complex minerals that could be reduced to a mixture of metals with specific recognizable and desirable properties, totally different from unalloyed copper) with distinct amounts of antimony (Sb) or nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As). They were cast using a “lost wax” technique 〔Goren, Y. 2008. The location of specialized copper production by the lost wax technique in the Chalcolithic southern Levant. Journal of Geoarchaeology 23 (3): 374–397.〕 into single closed clay moulds and then polished into their final shining gray or gold-like colors depending on the amount of antimony or nickel and arsenic in the copper. The biggest hoard (416 metal objects comprising mainly artistically complex-shaped objects) was found hidden in a remote cave (the Cave of the Treasure) in Nahal Mishmar, Judean Desert, Israel.〔Key, C.A. 1964. Ancient copper and copper-arsenic alloy artifacts: composition and metallurgical implications. Science 146: 1578–1580.〕 They were wrapped in a straw mat (e.g., Shalev;〔Shalev, S., Northover, J.P. 1993. The metallurgy of the Nahal Mishmar hoard reconsidered. Archaeometry 35(1): 35–47.〕 Tadmor〔Tadmor, M., Kedem, D., Begemann, F., Hauptmann, A., Pernicka, E., Schmitt-Strecker, S. 1995. The Nahal Mishmar Hoard from the Judean Desert: technology, composition, and provenance. Atiqot XXVII: 95–148.〕). The origin of the complex source material for the production of these objects is currently unknown. The nearest suitable ore is in Trans-Caucasus and Azerbaijan — more than 1500 km from the finding sites of the objects. Several clay and stone cores and clay mould remains were petrographically analyzed and the results 〔 point to a possible local production in the area of the Judean Desert, within the metals distribution zone in Israel, which is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the country: between Giv’at Oranit and Nahal Qana (east of modern Tel Aviv) in the north and the Be’er Sheva valley sites in the south. Currently, no production remains or production sites of these prestige/cult objects were found. Unalloyed copper tools comprising mainly relatively thick- and short-bladed objects (axes, adzes, and chisels) and points (awls and/or drills) made from a smelted copper ore, cast into an open mould and then hammered and annealed into their final shape. The copper tools were produced in the Chalcolithic villages on the banks of the Be’er Sheva valley where slag fragments, clay crucibles, some possible furnace lining pieces, copper prills, and amorphous lumps were found, in addition to high-grade carbonated copper ore (cuprite). The ore was collected and selected in the area of Feinan in Trans-Jordan and transported to northern Negev villages some 150 km to the north, to be smelted for the local production of these copper objects.〔Levy, T.E., Shalev, S. 1989. Prehistoric metalworking in the Southern Levant: archaeometallurgical and social perspectives. World Archaeology 20(3): 352–372.〕〔Goldin, J., Levy, T.E., Hauptmann, A. 2001. Recent discoveries concerning Chalcolithic metallurgy. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 951–963.〕 A third group of eight gold (Au) and electrum (Au + up to 30% Ag) solid rings was found in Nahal Qanah cave.〔Shalev, S. 1993b. The earliest gold artifacts in the southern Levant: reconstruction of the manufacturing process. In: Eluere, C., ed. Outils et ateliers d’orfevres des temps anciens. Antiquites Nationales Memoire 2, Saint Germain en Laye. 9–12.〕 This unique find, with no dated parallels, is attributed by the excavators to the Chalcolithic period based on local stratigraphic and geological evidence and 14C dating of ground samples from the vicinity of the finds in the cave. Surface analyses of these objects revealed a surface gold enrichment caused by the depletion of silver and the copper traces. This effect could be caused naturally by deposition but could have been achieved intentionally at the time of production in order to achieve a yellow color for the electrum rings rich in silver, as well. During the Chalcolithic (copper and stone) era at least two, if not three distinct industries of different metals were operating and their products were found in the Southern Levant.〔Shalev, S. 1996. Archaeometallurgy in Israel: the impact of the material on the choice of shape, size and colour of ancient products. In: Archaeometry 94. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry. Tubitak, Ankara. pp. 11–15.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nonferrous Archaeometallurgy in the Southern Levant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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